Understanding China

Understand

Capital	Beijing
Currency	renminbi (CNY)
Population	1.4 billion (2021)
Electricity	220 volt / 50 hertz (NEMA 1-15, Europlug, AS/NZS 3112)
Country code	+86
Time zone	Asia/Urumqi to China Standard Time
Emergencies	119 (fire department), 110 (police), 120 (emergency medical services)
Driving side	right
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China was one of the great civilizations of the ancient world, and for many centuries stood out as a leading nation with technologies that the West was not able to match until the early modern period. Paper, gunpowder and the compass are examples of Chinese inventions that are still widely used today. As the dominant power in the region for much of its history, China exported much of its culture to neighboring Vietnam, Korea and Japan, and Chinese influences can still be seen in the cultures of these countries.

Chinese civilization has endured millennia of tumultuous upheaval and revolutions, golden ages and periods of anarchy. Through the economic boom initiated by the reforms since the 1980s, China has returned to its place as a major political and economic world power, buoyed by its large and industrious population. The depth and complexity of the Chinese civilization, with its rich heritage, has fascinated Westerners such as Marco Polo and Gottfried Leibniz in centuries past, and will continue to excite — and bewilder — the traveller today.

In Chinese, China is zhōng guó, literally “central state” but often translated more poetically as “Middle Kingdom”. People from everywhere else are called wàiguórén (外国人, “outside country people”), or colloquially lǎowài, “old outsider” with “old” in the sense of venerable or respected (in practice, these terms mostly refer to white people or Westerners, and almost never to any foreigner of Chinese descent).

History

: See Imperial China for more information on pre-revolutionary China.

Ancient China

According to legend, the origin of the Chinese civilization can be traced to the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (三皇五帝), though they are regarded as mythical figures by most modern historians.

The recorded history of Chinese civilization can be traced back to the Yellow River valley, said to be the “cradle of Chinese civilization”. The Xia Dynasty (夏朝, c.2070–c.1600 BC) was the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical chronicles, though to date, no indisputable proof of its existence has been found. Some archaeologists have linked the Erlitou settlements to the Xia dynasty, but this is a controversial position.

The Shang Dynasty (商朝, c.1600–1046 BC), China’s first archaeologically confirmed dynasty, only ruled across the Yellow River basin. There were other civilisations in what is now China at about the same time, at least the Liangzhu Culture in the lower Yangtze region around Lake Tai and one further up that river in Sichuan whose main archeological site is at Sanxingdui. The Shang and the Sanxingdu people were Bronze Age cultures, while Liangzhu had the last neolithic culture in its region.

The Shang were succeeded by the Zhou Dynasty (周朝, 1046–256 BC), who expanded their empire southward into the Yangtze river basin. The Zhou adopted feudalism as their system of government; feudal lords ruled over their respective territories with a high degree of autonomy, even maintaining their own armies, while at the same time paying tribute to the king and recognizing him as the symbolic ruler of China.

During the second half of the Zhou period, China descended into centuries of political turmoil, with the feudal lords of numerous small fiefdoms vying for power during the Spring and Autumn Period (春秋时代, 770–476 BC), and later stabilized into seven large states in the Warring States period (战国时代, 475–221 BC). This tumultuous period gave birth to China’s greatest thinkers including Confucius, Mencius and Laozi (also spelt Lao-Tzu), who made substantial contributions to Chinese thought and culture, as well as the military strategist Sun Tzu, whose Art of War is studied to this day.

Imperial China

See also: On the trail of Marco Polo

China was unified in 221 BC under Qin Shi Huang, “First Emperor of Qin”. His Qin Dynasty (秦朝, 221 BC—206 BC) instituted a centralized system of government for China, and standardized weights and measures, Chinese characters and currency to create unity. The Han Dynasty (汉朝, 206 BC—220 AD) took over in 206 BC after a period of revolt and civil war, ushering in the first golden age of Chinese civilization. To this day, the majority ethnic group in China refers to themselves as “Han”, and Chinese characters continue to be called “Han characters” (汉字 hànzì) in Chinese. The Han Dynasty presided over the beginning of the Silk Road, and the invention of paper. The empire was also expanded further southward, incorporating what is today Fujian, Guangdong and northern Vietnam.

The collapse of the Han Dynasty in AD 220 led to a period of political turmoil and war known as the Three Kingdoms Period (三国时期, 220—280), which China split into the three separate states of Wei (魏, 220-265), Shu (蜀, 221—263) and Wu (吴, 222—280). The Jin Dynasty (晋朝, 265—420) reunified China in AD 280, though the reunification was short-lived, and China would rapidly descend into civil war and division again. From AD 420 to 589, China was divided into two parts, the Southern and Northern dynasties (南北朝). The Sui Dynasty (隋朝, 581—618) reunified China in 581. Sui were famous for major public works projects, such as the engineering feat of the Grand Canal, which gradually developed into the Canal linking Beijing in the north to Hangzhou in the south. Certain sections of the canal are still navigable today.

In 618 AD, the Sui were supplanted by the Tang Dynasty (唐朝, 618- 907), ushering in the second golden age of Chinese civilization, marked by a flowering of Chinese poetry, the rise of Buddhism and statecraft. After the collapse of the Tang Dynasty in AD 907, China was divided again, until it was reunified under the Song Dynasty (宋朝, 960—1279) in AD 960. In 1127, the Song were driven south of the Huai river by the Jurchens, where they continued to rule as the Southern Song based in Linan (临安 Lín’ān, modern-day Hangzhou). Although militarily weak, the Song was China’s economic golden age, attaining a high level of commercial and economic development that would be unmatched in the West until the Industrial Revolution. The Yuan Dynasty (元朝, 1271—1368, one of the four divisions of the Mongol Empire) defeated the Jurchens, then conquered the Song in 1279, and ruled the vast empire from Khanbaliq (大都 Dàdū, modern-day Beijing).

After defeating the Mongols, the Ming dynasty (明朝, 1368—1644) re-instituted rule by ethnic Han. The Ming period was noted for trade and exploration, with Zheng He’s numerous voyages to Southeast Asia, India and the Arab world, even reaching the eastern coast of Africa; see Maritime Silk Road. Famous buildings in Beijing, such as the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven, were built in this period. The last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty (清朝, 1644—1911), were ethnic Manchus who further expanded the Chinese empire to roughly its current boundaries by incorporating the western regions of Xinjiang and Tibet.

The Qing dynasty fell into decay in the 19th century and China was often described as the “sick man of Asia” (東亞病夫/东亚病夫). It was nibbled apart by the Western powers and Japan, a period dubbed by the Chinese as the “Century of Humiliation”. The Westerners and Japanese established their own treaty ports in Guangzhou, Shanghai and Tianjin. China lost several territories to foreign powers, including Hong Kong to Britain, and Taiwan to Japan, and it lost control of its tributaries, Vietnam, Korea and the Ryukyu Islands. This is also the period where the stereotypical appearance of Chinese people, such as pigtails, Manchu hairstyles, and magua (a kind of Manchu clothing) got rooted in other foreign countries due to a surge of foreign communications since the sea ban. The turmoil during the end of the Qing Dynasty and Republic of China-era led to the emigration of many Chinese, who established overseas Chinese communities in many other parts of the world. Most overseas Chinese who emigrated before World War II were from Fujian, Guangdong or Hainan, making those provinces the natural places to go if you want to explore the legacy of the Overseas Chinese.

The Republic and World War II

See also: Chinese Revolutionary Destinations, Pacific War, and Long March

The 2000-year-old imperial system collapsed in 1911, when Sun Yat-Sen founded the Republic of China. Central rule collapsed in 1916 after Yuan Shih-kai, the second president of the Republic and self-declared emperor, passed away; China descended into anarchy, with warlords ruling over different regions of China and fighting wars with each other. In 1919, student protests in Beijing over the perceived unfavorable terms of the Treaty of Versailles (since China had participated in World War I as part of the Allies) gave birth to the “May Fourth Movement”, which espoused reforms to Chinese society, such as the use of the vernacular in writing, and the development of science and democracy. The intellectual ferment of the movement gave birth to the reorganized Kuomintang (KMT) in 1919 and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), in 1921. It also laid the foundation for the establishment of Standard Mandarin as the first standard spoken form of Chinese for the entire country.

After much of eastern China was united under KMT rule in 1928, the CCP and the KMT turned on each other, and the CCP fled to Yan’an in Shaanxi in the epic Long March. Although Shanghai became one of the most prosperous cities in East Asia during the 1920s and 30s, underlying problems throughout the vast countryside, particularly the more inland parts of the country, such as civil unrest, extreme poverty, famines and warlord conflict, remained.

Japan established a puppet state of Manchukuo in Manchuria in 1931, and launched a full-scale invasion of China’s heartland in 1937. The Japanese implemented a brutal system of rule in the occupied territories, culminating in the Nanjing Massacre of 1937. After fleeing west to Chongqing, the KMT signed a tenuous agreement with the CCP to form a united front against the Japanese. With the defeat of Japan at the end of World War II in 1945, the KMT and CCP armies maneuvered for positions in north China, setting the stage for the civil war. The civil war lasted from 1945 to 1949. The Kuomintang were defeated and forced to retreat to Taiwan where they hoped to re-establish themselves and recapture the mainland someday.

A Red China

On 1 Oct 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国). After an initial period closely hewing to the Soviet model of heavy industrialization and comprehensive central economic planning, China began to experiment with adapting Marxism to a largely agrarian society.

Massive social experiments rocked China from 1957 to 1976. The Great Leap Forward aimed to collectivize and industrialize China quickly. The Cultural Revolution aimed to change everything by discipline, destruction of the “Four Olds” (customs, culture, habits, ideas), and total dedication to Mao Zedong Thought. The Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution are generally considered disastrous failures in China that caused the deaths of tens of millions of people. The effects of the Cultural Revolution in particular can still be felt: many elements of traditional Chinese culture and folk beliefs continue to thrive in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and overseas Chinese communities, but are greatly weakened in mainland China.

Mao died in 1976, and in 1978, Deng Xiaoping became China’s paramount leader. Deng and his lieutenants gradually introduced market-oriented reforms and decentralized economic decision making. One of the innovations was the creation of Special Economic Zones with tax breaks and other government measures to encourage investment and development; these still exist and are quite prosperous.

China’s miraculous growth since 1978 has been an extraordinary achievement. Significant problems remain, however, including inflation, regional income inequality, human rights abuses, major environmental issues, rural poverty, and ethnic conflict in Xinjiang and Tibet. In particular, blatant corruption was a major cause of large scale political movements in 1989, which in turn resulted in the bloody suppression of protesters in urban Beijing, often known as the Tiananmen Massacre. The incident is still a sensitive and highly censored topic in China.

Hu Jintao, who was paramount leader from around 2002 to 2012, proclaimed a policy for a “Harmonious Society”, which promised to restore balanced economic growth and channel investment and prosperity into China’s central and western provinces. China has developed economically at a breakneck speed since the 1990s, and overtook Japan to become the world’s second largest economy after the United States in 2010, cementing its place again as a major political, military and economic world power. China has also expanded its international clout and become a major source of foreign investment, particularly in much of the Global South. President Xi Jinping launched the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013, which attempts to expand international trading networks through Chinese investment in transportation infrastructure. It largely follows the route of the old Silk Road. While Xi’s administration is often criticized for being more dictatorial than previous ones, China’s international influence has also expanded considerably under him, and blatant corruption has been significantly reduced. Moreover, many poorer areas in western China that had largely been left behind by the economic boom are now beginning to see more government investment in infrastructure and poverty alleviation. China is now an upper middle income country.

Two former colonies, Hong Kong (British) and Macau (Portuguese), rejoined China in 1997 and 1999 respectively. They are Special Administrative Regions (SARs), run differently under the slogan “One country, two systems”. This article does not cover them because for practical travel purposes, they function like different countries with their own visas, currencies, and laws.

Government and politics

See also: Chinese provinces and regions

China is an authoritarian state ruled by the Communist Party of China. The “paramount leader” is the General Secretary of the Communist Party, who holds several other offices including ceremonial President. The State Council forms the executive branch; the next most powerful leader is the Premier of the State Council, who is the head of government (like a prime minister). The legislative branch consists of the unicameral National People’s Congress (NPC), the largest legislature in the world with almost 3,000 delegates. The NPC is often described as a “rubber stamping” body; it vetoed no bills and members have complained about their lack of power.

China is constitutionally a unitary state, with mainland China administratively divided into 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 directly-controlled municipalities. Provincial governments have their own legislatures, and are granted limited autonomy in their internal and economic affairs. Autonomous regions have more autonomy than provinces, such as the right to declare additional official languages and public holidays. Directly controlled municipalities are cities that are not part of any province, and instead report directly to the central government in Beijing. Under the provincial level, in decreasing order of precedence, are prefectures ((地级)市/自治州/地区), counties (县/(县级)市/区) and townships (乡/镇/街道).

The Special Administrative Regions (SAR), Hong Kong and Macau, in principle run themselves as separate jurisdictions, with only foreign policy and defense being controlled by Beijing, though in practice this autonomy is restricted. There is an active independence movement in Hong Kong, but the imposition of the National Security Law in 2020 has largely driven the movement underground.

The PRC considers Taiwan to be one of its provinces, but Taiwan’s government (the Republic of China) has been completely separate from the mainland Chinese one since 1949. Both governments on paper continue to claim to be the sole legitimate government for all of China. There is significant support for formal independence in Taiwan, but China’s government has repeatedly threatened to launch a military attack on Taiwan if the island declares itself independent. See Chinese provinces and regions for more detail.

People and customs

See also: Minority cultures of China

With 1.4 billion inhabitants, China is home to nearly a fifth of the world’s population. It is a diverse place with large variations in culture, language, customs and economic levels from region to region, and often strong distinct cultural and regional identities as well.

The economic landscape is particularly diverse. The major cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai are modern and comparatively wealthy. However, about 50% of Chinese still live in rural areas even though only 10% of China’s land is arable. Hundreds of millions of rural residents still farm with manual labor or draft animals. Some 200 to 300 million former peasants have migrated to townships and cities in search of work. Poverty has been reduced dramatically, but towards the end of 2016, China still had 43 million people under the official poverty line of ¥2,300 (about US$334) in annual income. At the other end of the spectrum, the wealthy continue to accumulate real estate and other assets at an unprecedented rate. Generally the southern and eastern coastal regions are more wealthy, while inland areas, the far west and north, and the south-west are much less developed.

The cultural landscape is also very diverse. Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group, comprising over 90% of the population, but they are not culturally homogeneous, and speak a wide variety of mutually unintelligible dialects and languages. Many customs and deities are specific to individual regions and even villages. Celebrations for the Lunar New Year and other national festivals vary dramatically from region to region. Customs related to the celebration of important occasions such as weddings, funerals and births also vary widely. The Cultural Revolution wiped out much of traditional Chinese religion, and while it still survives to some extent, contemporary urban Chinese society is largely secular with religion being an undercurrent to daily life. That said, there has been a cultural revival in the 21st century, largely spearheaded by young middle class Chinese, who are now using social media to promote various aspects of their traditional cultures.

The other 10% of the population are 55 recognized ethnic minorities — the largest of which are the Zhuang, Manchu, Hui and Miao (Hmong) — which each have their own unique cultures and languages. Other notable ethnic minorities include Koreans, Tibetans, Mongols, Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and Russians. China is home to the largest Korean population outside Korea, and is home to more ethnic Mongols than is Mongolia. Many minorities have been assimilated to various degrees, losing their language and customs or fusing with Han traditions, although Tibetans and Uyghurs in China remain fiercely defensive of their cultures. In some areas, some ethnic minorities, such as the Mongols, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and Tibetans, continue to maintain their traditional nomadic way of life, though that is changing as the younger generation gets better access to education and moves to the cities for higher-paying jobs, and even those who preserve the nomadic lifestyle often adopt numerous modern conveniences, such as replacing their horses with motorcycles.

Lucky numbers

Many Chinese people like homophones, and several numerals are considered auspicious or inauspicious based on rhymes with other Chinese words. “Six” is a good number for business, sounding like “slick” or “smooth” in Mandarin, and “good fortune” or “happiness” in Cantonese. “Eight” sounds so close to the word for “prosper” that it’s widely considered auspicious. “Nine” used to be associated with the Emperor, and also sounds like “long lasting”.

Meanwhile, “four” is a taboo for most Chinese because the pronunciation in Mandarin, Cantonese and most other Chinese dialects is close to “death”; some buildings skip floors and room numbers that contain 4s.

Climate and terrain

The climate is extremely diverse, from tropical regions in the south to subarctic in the north. Hainan Island is roughly at the same latitude as Jamaica, while Harbin, one of the largest cities in the north, is at roughly the latitude of Montreal and has the climate to match. North China has four distinct seasons with intensely hot summers and bitterly cold winters. Southern China tends to be milder and wetter. The further north and west you travel, the drier the climate. Once you leave eastern China and enter the majestic Tibetan highlands or the vast steppes and deserts of Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, distances are vast and the land is harsh.

During the communist planned economy era, uniform rules required that buildings in areas north of the Yangtze River get heat in the winter, but anything south of it would not — this meant buildings were unheated in places like Shanghai and Nanjing, which routinely have temperatures below freezing in winter. The rule was relaxed long ago, but the effects are still visible; buildings in the north are provided with steam-based central heating by the government, while buildings in the south are not and instead have to rely on private air-conditioning units for heating. In general, Chinese use less heating and less building insulation, and wear more warm clothing, than Westerners in comparable climates. In schools, apartments and office buildings, even if the rooms are heated, the corridors are not. Double-glazing is quite rare. Students and teachers wear winter jackets in class, and long underwear is common. Air-conditioning is increasingly common but is similarly not used in corridors and is often used with the windows and doors open.

China has many inland mountain ranges, high plateaus, and deserts in the center and the far west; plains, deltas, and hills dominate the east. The Pearl River Delta region around Guangzhou and Hong Kong and the Yangtze delta around Shanghai are major global economic powerhouses, as is the North China plain around Beijing and the Yellow River. On the border between Tibet (the Tibet Autonomous Region) and Nepal lies Mount Everest, at 8,850 m, the highest point on earth. The Turpan depression, in northwest China’s Xinjiang is the lowest point in China at 154 m below sea level, which is the second-lowest point in the world after the Dead Sea.

Units of measure

China’s official system of measurement is the metric system, but you will sometimes hear the traditional Chinese system of measurements in colloquial usage. The one you are most likely to come across in everyday use is the unit of mass catty (斤 jīn), nowadays equal to 0.5 kg in mainland China. Most Chinese will quote their weight in catties if asked, and food prices in markets are often quoted per catty. One catty was traditionally divided into 16 taels (两 liǎng), but in mainland China it is now 10 taels. The modern mainland Chinese versions of these units differ from their counterparts in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau, so be sure to know the proper conversions if you are coming from those areas.

Holidays

Lunar New Year dates The year of the Horse began on 3 Feb 2026 at 11:58 CST , and the Lunar New Year was on 17 Feb 2026. - The year of the Goat will begin on 4 Feb 2027 at 1:46 CST, and the Lunar New Year will be on 6 Feb 2027. - The year of the Monkey will begin on 4 Feb 2028 at 5:09 CST, and the Lunar New Year will be on 26 Jan 2028. Contrary to popular belief, the change of the zodiac does not occur on the first day of the Lunar New Year, but instead occurs on Li Chun (立春 lì chūn), the traditional Chinese start of spring.

China observes two week-long holidays during the year, called Golden Weeks. During these weeks, around Chinese New Year (late January to mid-February) and National Day (1 October), hundreds of millions of migrant workers return home and millions of other Chinese travel within the country (but many in the service sector stay behind, enjoying extra pay). Try to avoid being on the road, on the rails, or in the air during the major holidays. If you do have to travel then, plan well in advance, especially for transportation and for travel from western China or the east coast. Every mode of transportation is extremely crowded; tickets are very hard to come by, and will cost you a lot more. Air tickets sell out more slowly because of the higher prices. The Chinese New Year period is the largest annual migration of people on Earth.

China has seven national holidays:

• New Year (元旦 Yuándàn) — 1 January
• Spring Festival (春节 Chūn Jié), a.k.a. Chinese New Year — 1st day of the 1st lunar month, late January to mid-February (1 February in 2022)
• Tomb-Sweeping Day (清明节 Qīngmíng Jié) — 15th day from the Spring Equinox, 4 to 6 April (5 April in 2022). Cemeteries are crowded with people who go to sweep the tombs of their ancestors and offer sacrifices. Traffic on the way to cemeteries can be very heavy.
• Labor Day (劳动节 Láodòng Jié) — 1 May
• Dragon Boat Festival (端午节 Duānwǔ Jié) — 5th day of the 5th lunar month, late May to June (3 June in 2022). Boat races and eating rice dumplings (粽子 zòngzi, steamed pouches of sticky rice) are a traditional part of the celebration.
• Mid-Autumn Festival (中秋节 Zhōngqiū Jié） — 15th day of the 8th lunar month, September to early October (10 September in 2022). Also called the “Mooncake Festival” after its signature treat, mooncakes (月饼 yuèbǐng). People meet outside, put food on the tables and look up at the full harvest moon.
• National Day (国庆节 Guóqìng Jié) — 1 October

Known as the Golden Weeks, Chinese New Year and National Day holidays span multiple days; nearly all workers get at least a week for Chinese New Year and some of them get two or three. For many working Chinese, these are the only times of the year they get to travel. Students get four to six weeks of holiday.

Chinese New Year is a traditional time to visit family, and the entire country pretty much shuts down. Many stores and other businesses will close from a few days to a week or longer.

In early July, around 20 million university students will return home and then in late August they will return to school. Roads, railways and planes are also very busy at these times.

Ethnic minority regions often have additional public holidays for their respective traditional festivals that are not observed in the Han Chinese heartland. For instance, both Eids are public holidays in Xinjiang and Ningxia, Losar or Tibetan New Year is a public holiday in Tibet, while Songkran, better known in the West as Thai New Year, is a public holiday in ethnic Dai areas like Xishuangbanna and Dehong. See the articles for the relevant ethnic minority areas for details.

Here are some other nationally important festivals:

• Lantern Festival (元宵节 Yuánxiāo Jié or 上元节 Shàngyuán Jié) — 15th day of the 1st lunar month, traditionally the last day of the Chinese New Year, February to early March (15 February in 2022). In some cities, such as Quanzhou, this is a big festival with elaborate lanterns all over town.
• Double Seventh Day (七夕 Qīxī) — 7th day of the 7th lunar month, usually August (4 August in 2022). This romantic holiday is similar to Valentine’s Day.
• Double Ninth Festival or Chongyang Festival (重阳节 Chóngyáng Jié) — 9th day of the 9th lunar month, usually October (4 October in 2022)
• Winter Solstice (冬至 Dōngzhì) — 21 to 23 December (22 December in 2022)

Some Western festivals are noticeable, at least in major cities. Around Christmas, one hears carols — some in English, some in Chinese, and one from Hong Kong that goes “Lonely, lonely Christmas”. Some stores are decorated and many shop assistants wear red and white elf hats. Chinese Christians celebrate services and masses at officially sanctioned Protestant and Catholic churches as well. For Valentine’s Day, many restaurants offer special meals.

Around the longer holidays (especially the two Golden Weeks and sometimes Labor Day), surrounding weekends may be rearranged to make the holiday longer. This means that around major holidays, places may be closed when they’re usually open or open when they would usually be closed.

Time zones

Despite geographically spanning five time zones, all of China officially follows Beijing Time (UTC+8). However, in the restive province of Xinjiang, while the official time is Beijing Time, some ethnic Uyghurs use the UTC+6 time zone for practicality or as a sign of defiance against Beijing.

Read

• Wild Swans by Jung Chang (ISBN 0007176155) - a biography of three generations, from the warlord days to the end of Mao’s era, illustrating life under China’s version of nationalism and communism. This book is banned in China.
• The Search for Modern China by Jonathan Spence - a standard history book on modern China from the late Ming to the current period.
• From the Soil by Fei Xiaotong, a book focusing on rural China and human relationships.

See also

### Topics in China China Danxia Chinese cuisine Chinese gardens Chinese performing arts Chinese provinces and regions Chinese revolutions Driving in China Golden Week holidays in China Golf in China Imperial China Imperial tombs of the Ming and Qing dynasties Minority cultures of China Rail travel in China Shopping in China Shopping in Hong Kong Staying connected in China Studying in China Tibetan Empire Western Xia Working in China

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Content adapted from Wikivoyage, used under CC BY-SA 3.0.