Respect, Cope & Connect in China

Respect

“	入乡随俗 Rù xiāng suí sú When you enter a village, follow the customs.	”
Chinese proverb (English speakers might say “When in Rome…”)

Using people’s names Names can be a complicated matter in China. Except for certain ethnic minorities, names always follow the East Asian naming order of family name followed by given name; this is usually done in English as well. Someone called 陈晓明 (Chén Xiǎomíng) therefore has the surname “Chen” and the given name “Xiaoming”. Many Chinese acquire English names, which may have no relation to their Chinese name (and are sometimes quite unusual words or non-words). When using their English name, they will likely switch their name to Western name order (given name followed by family name). It’s usually okay to address adult friends and children by given names, although using their full name is also common. In formal situations, the default is to address people using their family names with a title, or their full names with a title if necessary to disambiguate. Occupational titles are even used outside the workplace, so a teacher may be called “Teacher Zhang” (张老师 Zhāng Lǎoshī) even outside the classroom, and a manager or business owner may be called “Boss Huang” (黄老板 Huáng Lǎobǎn). Generic titles of varying commonness include Xiānshēng (先生, “Mr.” or “Sir”), Tàitai (太太, “Madam” or “Mrs.”), and Nǚshì (女士, “Ms.”). The informal prefixes Lǎo- (老, “Old” or “Elder”) and Xiǎo- (小, “Young” or “Little”) are also commonly used, but you should avoid calling someone these unless you know the person well. - The title “comrade” (同志) is rarely used nowadays. - Buddhist monks and nuns are customarily assessed as Shīfu (师父), while Taoist priests are customarily addressed as Dàozhǎng (道长). - While the title Xiǎojiě (小姐) is commonly used in Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore as an equivalent for the English “Miss”, it is a euphemism for “prostitute” in mainland China and hence should be avoided. Names for familial relationships (e.g. big sister, uncle) are frequently used for acquaintances and even strangers based on their age relative to you. It will usually be clear from context, but generally when someone refers to another person as “Brother Zhang” or “Aunt Zhang”, even in English, they probably don’t mean a family member. Ethnic minorities often have their own naming conventions and modes of address, which can sometimes be very different from those of the Han majority. The foolproof method is therefore to ask how somebody would like to be addressed.

Foreigners are still a rare breed in most parts of China, which means that how you interact with people there may well shape their impression of your country or even of foreigners in general. Follow the law, be polite, and try to leave a good impression as it affects the general reputation of foreigners in China.

Unlike Japan and South Korea where bowing is extremely common, in China the practice did not survive into the modern era, and is now only used in certain formal occasions such as marriage ceremonies, funerals, religious rituals, and by students greeting teachers in school. Give a soft handshake when greeting someone, which can be accompanied by a slight bow.
Buddhist monks and nuns should be greeted by placing your palms together at chest level with your thumb and fingers pointing upwards (similar to the Thai wai), and bowing your head slightly while saying Ēmìtuófó (阿弥陀佛).
Personal space more or less does not exist in China. Elevators and buses can get very crowded. It’s common and acceptable for someone to come in close contact with you or to bump into you and say nothing. Don’t get mad, as they’ll be surprised and most likely won’t even understand why you’re offended.
Important items such as business cards or important papers are given and received with both hands.
Business cards in particular are treated very respectfully and formally. How you treat someone’s business card is seen as representing how you will treat the person. When accepting a business card, use both hands to pick it up by the corners, give a slight bow of your head, and take the time to read the card and confirm how to pronounce the person’s name. It’s disrespectful to write on a card, fold it, or place it in your back pocket (where you’ll sit on it!); a nice case to keep cards pristine is preferable to a pocket.
Smoking is increasingly less common amongst younger Chinese, but is still highly prevalent, especially among men. “No smoking” signs are routinely ignored in some places, and it’s not unusual for someone to smoke in an elevator or even in the hospital. Some cities now forbid smoking in most restaurants, but enforcement varies. Beijing has one of the nation’s strictest smoking laws: you are not allowed to smoke anywhere with a roof; again, enforcement is patchy. Western restaurants seem to be the only ones who consistently enforce the ban. Masks would be a good idea for long distance bus trips.
If you smoke, it’s always considered polite to offer a cigarette to those you meet. This rule applies almost exclusively to men, but under certain circumstances, such as a club, it’s okay to offer cigarettes to women.
In homes and some other buildings, slippers or sandals are worn indoors. If your hosts are wearing slippers at home, and especially if there is carpet on the floor, remove your shoes and ask for a pair of slippers before you enter, even if your host says you don’t have to.
Saving face is an important concept in Chinese culture, and this concept extends beyond the individual to one’s family (including extended family), and even the country. Pointing out mistakes directly may cause embarrassment. If you have to, call the person to one side and tell them in private.
Humility is highly valued in traditional Chinese culture, and bragging about your achievements is in general not well received. It is also customary to politely turn down any compliments you receive from others; do not say “thank you” to a compliment as that will come across as arrogant.
Chinese people sometimes criticize their own country, but you are highly advised not to do it yourself, as the same things being said by a foreigner tend not to be received so well.
The elderly are traditionally treated with special respect in Chinese society. When riding in public transport, you are expected to give up your seat for elderly passengers; failure to do so would invite scorn from your fellow passengers, and could result in you being publicly shamed on social media.
Swastikas have been used in Buddhist temples since the 5th century to represent Dharma, universal harmony, and the balance of opposites. Like the case for other Asian countries, it does not represent Nazism.
When visiting temples, do not point at the statues of deities with your index finger, as this is very rude. Use your thumb or an up-facing open palm instead. Do not step on the doorstep when entering the temple; always be sure to step over it. At temples that have three doors, always enter using the right door and exit using the left door (facing inward).
Outside of a business context, casual clothes are acceptable at most places, including expensive restaurants. Temples generally expect visitors to be dressed modestly. Sleeveless or low-cut tops are uncommon and may stand out. At the beach or the pool, conservative swimsuits are much more common than bikinis. However, women can generally dress more freely in China than in Japan or South Korea.
In rural areas, it is normal for shrines and tombstones erected for the deceased to be near the roadside. Do not take pictures of graveyards or tombstones. Doing so will provoke significant hostility if you are caught as it is believed to bring misfortune to a community, and can result in your immediate expulsion from the area.

Gifts

When visiting someone’s home, a small gift is always welcome. Wine, fruit, or some trinket from your native country are common. When receiving a gift, it is generally rude to open it in front of the person who gave it to you unless (s)he specifically tells you to do so. Wait until the person has left and open it in private.

Some items are not given as gifts because of cultural associations. Some things to watch out for: black and white are important colors in funerals, scissors or knives may insinuate you want to cut off your relationship with someone, and many people see mirrors as bad luck. Other taboos are based on homophones: the word “four” (四 sì) sounds like “death” (死 sǐ), “pear” (梨 lí) and “umbrella” (伞 sǎn) sound like “separation” (离 lí, 散sàn), and “giving a clock” (送钟 sòng zhōng) is a homophone for “attending a funeral” (送终 sòng zhōng). These gift taboos and others vary by region and generation, so it’s a good idea to consult a local for advice, or at least search the Internet for lists of taboo gifts before you purchase one.

Monetary gifts should always be placed in a red envelope (红包 hóngbāo), and never be given on their own.

Eating and drinking

Eating is very important in Chinese culture, and dining out is a widespread way to honor guests and deepen relationships. Seating at a formal dinner follows a specific order, with the host or most senior person at the center. Don’t pick up your chopsticks until the most senior person at the table has done so. Table manner varies from different places among different people in different scenarios. Sometimes you can see Chinese spit on a restaurant floor, pick their tooth in front of you, and yell whilst dining, but it’s not always welcome. Follow what other people do.

Hosts tend to order more food than you can eat because it’s considered shameful if they can’t stuff their guests. Although it varies regionally, finishing your plate generally means you’re still hungry and may prompt your hosts to order more food, but leaving too much can imply you didn’t like a dish; leaving an appropriate amount of food on your plate is a bit of a balancing act.

When offered a drink, you’re expected to take it or your friends will keep pushing you. Excuses such as “I’m on medication” are better than “I don’t feel like drinking”. Toasts are common, and it’s generally considered rude to turn down a toast (although you can take small sips with each toast).

China has a strong drinking culture, especially in business, and turning down alcohol can sometimes cause offense. However, foreigners may be given some slack on this. If the hard baijiu is too much for you, consider opting for a beer instead.

Paying

While splitting the bill is beginning to be accepted by young people, treating is still the norm, especially when the parties are in obviously different social classes. Men are expected to treat women, elders to juniors, rich to poor, hosts to guests, working class to non-income class (students). Friends of the same class will usually prefer to take turns treating rather than split the bill.

It is common to see Chinese competing intensely to pay the bill. You are expected to fight back and say “It’s my turn, you treat me next time.” That being said, Chinese tend to be very tolerant towards foreigners. If you feel like going Dutch, try it. They tend to believe that “all foreigners prefer to go Dutch”.

Politics

For your safety, it’s best if you avoid getting involved in any political activity, and avoid discussing politics with Chinese people. Most Chinese are passive about their country’s politics and reluctant to talk about it, and in most cases, will change the topic of discussion.

Most Chinese are ashamed that their country was forced into unequal treaties with Japan and the Western powers over the past two centuries, and are proud of the progress made by their government in the 21st century in restoring China’s status as a great power. Many Chinese are also aware of alternative Western views, but you should tread lightly if you choose to discuss these.
Supporting the independence movements of Tibet, Xinjiang, Taiwan or Hong Kong is illegal, so you should avoid discussing them. Most Chinese people support their government’s position on these issues, and trying to advocate for these movements is going to do nothing more than getting you into the bad books of your hosts.
Do not suggest that Hong Kong and Taiwan are not part of China. Be sure to use the term “mainland” (大陆 dàlù) or “mainland China” (中国大陆 zhōngguó dàlù) instead of just “China” (中国 zhōngguó) if you are looking to exclude Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. It is also a common practice in China to refer to Taiwan as “Taiwan Province” (台湾省), and Hong Kong and Macau as “Hong Kong, China” (中国香港) and “Macau, China” (中国澳门).
Allegations of Uyghur genocide and slavery are sensitive issues that are best not discussed with locals. These are regarded by most Chinese as false allegations that were made up by Western governments for geopolitical reasons.
Avoid discussing any of the territorial disputes China is involved in, as many Chinese have strong feelings about these issues. If you are drawn into any such discussions, it is best to stay neutral.
Japan and its role in World War II and other wars with China is a sensitive and emotive issue that is best avoided. Do not display the Rising Sun Flag as that is strongly associated with Japanese imperialism, and is the equivalent of what the Nazi flag symbolizes in the West. To a lesser extent, historical and cultural disputes with both Koreas are also sensitive.
Avoid displaying Japanese cultural symbols like clothing in places where the Japanese military committed war crimes, particularly Nanjing, and in times of strained Sino-Japanese relations.
Thanks to China’s recent development, the Chinese government enjoys strong support among its people despite its authoritarian nature. Common Western views that “they have all been brainwashed” or “they are just too afraid to speak up” oversimplify things.
On the other hand, there are always dissidents ranging from anti-revisionist communists (who see reform and opening up policies as capitalist backsliding) to pro-democracy activists who oppose the Communist Party, but they generally remain low-profile unless there is a major incident that puts them in the spotlight.
Many Chinese have a strong sense of ethnic nationalism. Tread particularly carefully if you are of Chinese ethnicity, even if you were born and raised overseas, as you may still be expected to align your political views with that of the Chinese government, and doing otherwise could result in you being labelled a “race traitor”.
The relationships among China’s ethnic minorities, and between minorities and the central government, vary widely between different minority groups, and often within those specific minorities. As a tourist, you are generally advised not to discuss these with the locals. Keep in mind that being proud of their minority language and culture does not in and of itself imply wanting independence from China. To a similar extent, this is also true for the Cantonese language and culture in Guangdong.
Owing to China’s censorship, even private discussions frequently resort to highly oblique, ambiguous, and abbreviated terminology.

Differing cultural norms

Chinese people are sometimes puzzled when foreign visitors complain that Chinese people are rude. Many of them feel that really it’s foreigners who tend to be rude. What’s actually going on is that China has a different set of customs and values from common Western cultures — some Chinese behavior can be jarring to foreigners, and vice versa. People in China are friendly without being polite (unlike countries like the UK, where people can be polite without being friendly). Generally speaking, younger well-educated Chinese, particularly those from the major cities, are more likely to behave in a way that conforms more closely to Western cultural norms.

Chinese often ignore rules they don’t feel like following, including laws. Among many other things, this includes dangerous and negligent driving (see Driving in China) such as driving on the wrong side of the street, excessive speeding, not using headlights at night, not using turn signals, and jaywalking.
Spitting is common everywhere, including in shops, supermarkets, restaurants, on buses and even in hospitals. Traditional Chinese medicine believes it is unhealthy to swallow phlegm. Although the government has made great efforts to reduce this habit in light of the SARS epidemic as well as the Olympics, it still persists to varying degrees.
Many Chinese do not cover their mouths when they sneeze. Picking one’s nose in public is common.
As many parts of China are ethnically rather homogeneous, people who are visibly foreign will often elicit calls of “hello” or “wàiguórén” (外国人 “foreigner”); you may also hear lǎowài (老外), a colloquial equivalent. These calls are ubiquitous outside of the big cities (and are not uncommon even there); these calls will come from just about anyone, of any age, and are even more likely from children and can occur many times in any given day.
Similarly, it’s rather common that someone may come up and stare at you as if they’re watching the TV. The staring usually originates out of sheer curiosity, almost never out of hostility.
Many Chinese have loud conversations in public, and it may be one of the first things you notice upon arrival. China is rooted in a community-based culture, and noise means life; loud speech usually doesn’t mean the speaker is angry or engaged in an argument (although obviously it can). You may want to bring earplugs for long bus or train rides.
A fairly recent phenomenon particular to China is air rage: groups of passengers being verbally and physically aggressive towards airline staff whenever there is a delay (which is often). This is generally done in order to leverage better compensation from the airline.
The concept of waiting in line has not fully been adopted in China. You’ll have to learn to be more assertive to get what you want, and even push and shove as others do. If you’re trying to catch a taxi, expect other people to move further down the road to catch one before you.
Be careful when standing behind people on an escalator, since many people have a look-see as soon as they get off — even when the escalator behind them is fully packed. Department stores have staff to try to prevent this behavior.
People love to use elevators whenever possible, especially in large family groups. Be extra patient if you want to go around a shopping mall with a baby buggy or luggage.

Cope

Electricity is 220 volts/50 Hz. Two-pin European and North American, as well as three-pin Australian style plugs are generally supported. However, be careful to read the voltage information on your devices to ensure they accept 220 V (twice the 110 V used in many countries) before plugging them in — you may cause overheating and permanent damage to some devices such as hairdryers and razors. Universal extension cords that can handle a variety of plug shapes (including British) are often used.

Laundry services may be expensive or hard to find. In upper-end hotels, it will cost ¥10-30 to wash each article of clothing. Cheap hotels in some areas do not have laundry services, though in other areas such as along the Yunnan tourist trail the service is common and often free. In most areas, with the exception of the downtown areas in big cities, you can find small shops that do laundry. The sign to look for on the front door is 洗衣 (xǐyī), or spot the clothes hanging from the ceiling. The cost is roughly ¥2-5/item. In even the smallest of cities dry cleaning (干洗 gānxǐ) outlets are common and may be able to wash clothes. But in some areas you’re going to be stuck washing clothes by hand, which is time-consuming and tiresome, so perhaps opt for fast-drying fabrics such as polyester or silk. If you do find a hotel that does laundry, usually they will put all your clothes into the wash together or even with other items from the hotel, so lighter colours are best washed by hand.

Smoking is banned in public buildings and public transport except for restaurants and bars (including KTVs) - many of which are outright smoke dens, although many multinational restaurant chains do ban smoking. However, enforcement varies greatly between regions, and it is not uncommon to see people light up next to no smoking signs. Generally, smoking laws are most strictly enforced in Shanghai and Beijing, whilst they are often not enforced elsewhere. Many places (particularly train stations, hospitals, office buildings and airports) will have smoking rooms, and some long-distance trains may have smoking areas at the end of each car. Facilities for non-smokers are often poor; most restaurants, bars and hotels will not have non-smoking areas apart from top-end establishments although many modern buildings have a smoke extraction systems which suck cigarette smoke out of the room through a ceiling vent - meaning that the smoke doesn’t hang in the air. The Chinese phrase for ‘May I smoke?’ is ‘kěyǐ chōuyān ma?’ and ‘No Smoking!’ is ‘bù kěyǐ chōuyān!’.

Public holidays in China are worth being aware of. Although you will never be truly alone in the most popular tourist sites, which includes the popular hikes in particular mountains, on weekends and public holidays these areas can be nearly impassible due to local tourism. What you may have planned as a quiet contemplative hike may turn into a many-hour queue! Know the national holiday dates and plan accordingly.

Media

Please fix it! China Daily, the nationally distributed English newspaper, sometimes publishes constructive criticism of China from frustrated tourists. If you think something about China for travelers needs to be fixed, consider sending a letter to letterschinadaily.com.cn or opinionchinadaily.com.cn and it might be published.

Media in China diversified substantially after Mao, with independent outlets offering increasing competition to the state-run agencies of Xinhua (press agency publishing in many formats), CCTV (more than 40 TV channels), and the People’s Daily newspaper. These state-owned media tend to be accurate in terms of general news, but always toe the government’s line in editorial bias.

Each province and city in China is also home to its own local channels, often being subordinated or having close ties to the local government, with a stronger focus on local events. Some of these channels also broadcast in the local dialect or ethnic minority language.

Still, the press remains tightly controlled, with restrictions on what news is reported and what opinions may be aired. Certain topics are strictly off limits (such as criticizing China’s claim of sovereignty over Taiwan), and the vagueness of boundaries for acceptable topics leads to further self-censorship. The biggest threat to state-controlled media has been the rise of text messaging and Internet news, although these are restricted by the government’s firewall and internal censorship.

China has some local English-language news media. CGTN channel is a global English channel available 24/7 in most cities, with French and Spanish variants as well. CCTV 4 has a short newscast in English every day.

China Daily (generally subdued, if a bit dry) and the Global Times (a notoriously nationalistic tabloid) are two state-run English-language newspapers available in hotels, supermarkets and newsstands. There are also a few English magazines such as China Today and 21st Century.

Foreign magazines and newspapers are not generally available in bookstores or newsstands except at top hotels.

Connect

Main article: Staying connected in China

Internet

Most public venues in China, such as libraries, restaurants and malls, offer free Wi-Fi access. Internet cafés remain popular in China, and the term usually refers specifically to gaming cafés.

VPN

Which Internet sites are available? The list of banned websites is secret, changes daily, and varies by mobile or WiFi connection. Blocked sites typically include: - Large social media platforms: YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram. - Messaging services: Whatsapp. - Most of Google’s services: Search, Gmail, Maps (maps.google.cn may work), Translate (translate.google.cn may work). Chinese alternatives (often only in Chinese) include Baidu for search and maps, WeChat for messaging, Weibo for microblogging, and Bilibili for video sharing and Xiaohongshu for photo and video sharing. Foreign services like Bing and Outlook are available. The original Chinese version of TikTok, known as Douyin, runs on completely separate servers from the international version (which is blocked in China), meaning that international content cannot be viewed on the Chinese version and vice versa. News sites (BBC, CNN, etc.) may be blocked, especially after publishing sensitive stories. Wikipedia is consistently blocked, while access to other Wikimedia sites varies (as of October 2024). The firewall also scans unencrypted or encrypted Chinese messages (QQ, WeChat) for sensitive content and may block or report users. Enforcement changes frequently based on current events.

The Great Firewall of China blocks popular web services including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Google, WhatsApp, Telegram and many others including Wikipedia. To bypass internet restrictions and access popular websites, travelers often use VPN services. As of September 2024, reports from users consider Mullvad and Astrill to be reliable. Popular VPN choices like Express and Nord are not considered reliable. That said, this list of free VPNs can still be useful in emergency situations. It’s generally safer and more reliable to access their mirror links rather than relying on the official websites. During significant events, VPN services may experience disruptions. Be sure to install the VPN before arriving in China; attempting to do so after landing can be problematic as the service might already be blocked.

Other ways to bypass censorship include software such as Freegate, Tor (with an obfs4 bridge), and Psiphon. Travelers with the technical know-how are well-served to setup their own private V2ray relays to minimize the risk of detection. Censorship is often tightened during sensitive periods, such as the annual meeting of China’s legislature in March, the CCP congress every fourth October, and anniversaries such as the National Day in October and the Tiananmen massacre in June.

Another way is to simply roam on a non-Mainland Chinese SIM as mobile data is typically routed through foreign gateways. There is a thriving marketplace of eSIM providers that resell roaming access on various foreign networks, and mobile providers in Taiwan and Hong Kong market “Greater Bay” and Mainland roaming SIMs to travelers proceeding onwards to Mainland China. 3HK is a popular low-cost Hong Kong roaming SIM provider that is friendly to foreign customers.

Telephone

You should WeChat (微信 Wēixìn) for messaging, social networking, and mobile payments before your trip to China. WeChat has largely replaced traditional SMS as the primary means of communication in China, and serves as a useful tool in purchasing tickets for tourist destinations. Tour guides will usually share their WeChat contact with you so you can message them in the event of any problems.

Mobile phones

Mobile phones are widespread and offer good service in China, with strong 4G and 5G networks. International roaming is expensive (¥12–35/min), but roaming data is uncensored. Check rates with your provider or consider a prepaid Chinese SIM card if staying for more than a few days. SIM cards usually require a passport and registration at the provider’s main office.

Major providers: China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom.
Most SIMs work nationwide, with no domestic roaming charges.
Mobile data plans are affordable, starting at ¥29/month for 3GB.

Only main office branches and airport branches will accept foreign passports as identification to obtain a SIM card.

For international calls, you must enable specific services like China Mobile’s “12593” or China Unicom’s “17911.” Rates are around ¥0.4/min to North America and Asia.

If for any reason your SIM card is blocked, you can only get it unblocked by going back to the store which issued the SIM card, which is a major inconvenience if you are on a tour, boat, or far away, making it economically unviable to go back. This problem is mitigated if the SIM card was obtained by using a Chinese ID card holder.

Area codes

The country code for mainland China is 86. For Hong Kong, it’s 852, for Macau 853, and for Taiwan 886.

Major cities have a two-digit area code (e.g., Beijing: (0)10 + 8 digits). Other areas use three-digit codes (e.g., Zhuhai: (0)756 + 7 digits).
Mobile numbers start with 1 and are 11 digits.

Add a 0 for long-distance calls.

Business services

For printing, scanning, photocopying, and other business services, go to one of any number of small shops in most towns or print shops near university areas. Look for the characters 复印 (fùyìn) meaning “photocopy”. Printing costs about ¥2 per page and photocopies are ¥0.5 per page. These shops may or may not have Internet access so bring your materials on a flash drive.

Mail

Postal services are provided by China Post (中国邮政), which is generally reliable. Sending an express mail envelope within China typically costs ¥23.

Hong Kong and Macau operate separate postal systems. Stamps from mainland China cannot be used to send mail from Hong Kong or Macau, and vice versa.

Courier services

For sending packages, consider using private courier services (快递 kuàidì). The major Chinese courier companies are generally reliable and reasonably priced for sending domestic packages. The largest courier company in China is SF Express (顺丰), which has branches at most major international airports that can forward your luggage to your hotel. They also partner with some ski resorts so you can courier your ski equipment and avoid the hassle of having to carry it onto the train with you.

For international packages, it is generally advisable to use the large international courier companies like FedEx, DHL or UPS, which also have a presence in China.

Emergency numbers

The following emergency telephone numbers work in all areas of China; calling them from a cell phone is free.

Patrol Police: 110
Traffic Police: 122
Scam enquiry: 96110
Fire Department: 119
(Government-owned) Ambulance/EMS: 120
(some areas private-owned) Ambulance: 999
Directory inquiries: 114
Consumer Protection: 12315

112 and 911 do not connect you to emergency service personnel.

The police can be contacted by sending SMS message to 12110XXX, where XXX is the area code of the prefectural-level city you are located. See this list for more information.

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